Religion, Science, And Culture Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic: Muhammadiyah’s Worship Guidance and Members’ Responses

Ahmad Muttaqin

Abstract

How have religious organizations responded to the COVID-19 pandemic? Why have some religious organizations responded to this outbreak from a scientific perspective, but many others have not? This paper explores the Muhammadiyah's proactive role in responding to the COVID-19 outbreak through an integration-interconnection perspective of religion, science, and culture. Apart from establishing the Muhammadiyah COVID-19 Command Center (MCCC), Muhammadiyah have been actively providing religious guidance amidst the pandemic. Through a review of organizational documents and an auto-nethnography study of the responses of Muhammadiyah members and their community, this paper examines the content and process of disseminating religious guidance, as well as the responses of the organization members and society generally. The dynamics of the response of Muhammadiyah members and sympathizers to religious guidance issued by the Central Board of Muhammadiyah will be read from the perspective of the religious authority in the VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity) era. This paper underlines that the Muhammadiyah have shown efforts to integrate religion, science, and culture through MCCC to deal with the outbreak. This confirms that the Muhammadiyah movement is both rational and pro-science and serves as a shred of evidence that religious organizations can be problem solvers, although authorities are potentially challenged in the VUCA era.

Keywords

COVID-19 Pandemic; Integration-Interconnection; Muhammadiyah; Religion; Science; Culture

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdullah, M. A. (2001). “Muhammadiyah’s Experience in Promoting a Civil Society in the eve of 21stCentury”, a joint publication between The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and Sasakawa Peace Foundation, Tokyo, Japan under the title of Islam & Civil Society in Southeast Asia, Nakamura Mitsuo (Eds.), ISEAS, Singapore.

_______. (2002). “Respons Kreatif Muhammadiyah dalam Menghadapi Dinamika Perkembangan Kontemporer”, dalam M. Thoyibi, Yayah Khisbiyah, and Abdullah Aly (Ed.), “Sinergi Agama dan Budaya Lokal: Dialektika Muhammadiyah dan Seni Lokal”, Surakarta: MUP UMS, PSB PS UMS, Majlis Tarjih dan PPI, 15 – 27.

_______. (2007). “Muhammadiyah’s Cultural Dakwah: Integrating Locality, Islamicity, and Modernity”, Moch. Nur Ichwan and Noorhaidi Hasan (Eds.), Moving with the Times: The Dynamics of Contemporary Islam in Changing Indonesia, Yogyakarta, CISFORM, p. 151 – 167;

_______. (2010). “Paradigma Tajdid Muhammadiyah sebagai Gerakan Islam Modernis-Reformis”, Media Inovasi, Jurnal Ilmu dan Kemanusiaan. Edisi Khusus Satu Abad Muhammadiyah, h. 20-25.

_______. (2013). Agama, Ilmu dan Budaya: Paradigma Integrasi dan Interkoneksi, Pidato Inagurasi Anggita AIPI. Jakarta: Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan, 2013.

_______. (2014). “Religion, Science, and Culture: An Integrated, Interconnected Paradigm of Science”, Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol 52, No 1, 175-203.

_______. (2019). Fresh Ijtihad: Manhaj Pemikiran Muhammadiyah di Period Disrupsi Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah.

Alfian. (1989). Muhammadiyah: The Political Behavior of a Muslim Modernist Organization under Dutch Colonialism. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Beck, H. L. (2014). “The Contested State of Sufism in Islamic Modernism: The Case of the Muhammadiyah Movement in Twentieth-Century Indonesia,” Journal of Sufi Studies 3, 83–9.

Biyanto. (2017). “The typology of Muhammadiyah Sufism: tracing its figures’ thoughts and exemplary lives”, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies Vol. 7, no.2 pp. 221-249, doi: 10.18326/ijims.v7i2.221-249

Burhani, A. N. (2005). “Revealing the Neglected Missions: Some Comments on the Javanese Elements of Muhammadiyah Reformism,” Studia Islamica, Vol 12, No 1, 101-120.

_______. (2019). Between Social Services and Tolerance: Explaining Religious Dynamics in Muhammadiyah. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.

_______. (2020). “Comparing Tablighi Jemaat and Muhammadiyah Responses to Covid-19,” ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute Perspektif, no 75. Singapore, 13 July.

Dzuhayatin, S. R. (2015). Rezim gender Muhammadiyah: Kontestasi Gender, Identitas, dan Eksistensi. Yogyakarta: Suka Press.

Gunawan, W. (2020). “Mungkinkah Sholat Jum’at Berjamaah secara Online?” dalam https://ibtimes.id/mungkinkah-shalat-jumat-berjamaah-secara-online/ (Accessed on 15 July 2020)

_______. (2020). “Sekali lagi, Tidak Masalah Shiolat Jum’at secara Online” dalam https://ibtimes.id/sekali-lagi-tidak-ada-masalah-shalat-jumat-secara-online/ (Accessed on 15 July 2020).

Jainuri, A. (1997). The formation of the Muhammadiyah ideology 1912-1942. Montreal: The institute of Islamic Studies McGill University.

_________. (2007). The Muhammadiyah Movement in Twentieth-century Indonesia a Socio-Religious Study. Montreal: The institute of Islamic Studies McGill University.

Djalante, R. (et.al.,). (2020). “Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020”, Progress in Disaster Science 6 (2020) 100091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091

Kim, H. J. (2007). Reformist Muslim in a Yogyakarta Village: The Islamic Transformation of Contemporary Socio-Religious Life. Canberra: ANU Press.

Latief, H. (2012). Islamic charities and social activism: welfare, dakwah and politics in Indonesia Utrecht: Utrecht University.

Mack, O. at.al (eds). (2016). Managing in VUCA World. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

MTT & LPB Muhammadiyah Central Executive Board. (2015). Fiqih Kebencanaan. Yogyakarta: Majlis Tarjih dan Tajdid PPM.

______. (2009). Manhaj Gerakan Muhammadiyah: Ideologi, Khittah, dan Langkah-Langkah. Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah dan Majlis Pendidikan Kader Muhammadiyah Central Executive Board.

Masyithoh. (2008). “AR Fachruddin: The Face of ITasawwuf in Muhammadiyah'', Millah Jurnal Studi Agama, Vol 8, No. 1, 1-23.

Muis, A. J. (2020). “Jihad Kemanusiaan Muhammadiyah,” in https://covid19.muhammadiyah.id/jihad-kemanusiaan-muhammadiyah/ (Accessed on 15 July 2020).

Mukti, A. & Ulhaq, F. R. (2009). Kristen Muhammadiyah: Konvergensi Muslim dan Kristen Dalam Pendidikan. Jakarta: al-Wasath Publishing House.

Mukti, A. (2019a). Beragama dan Pendidikan yang Mencerahkan. Jakarta: Uhamka Press.

________. (2019b). Pluralisme Positif: Konsep dan Implementasi dalam Pendidikan Muhammadiyah. Jakarta: UMJ-MPI PPM.

Mulkhan. A. M. (1990). Pemikiran Kyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan dan Muhammadiyah dalam Perspektif Perubahan Sosial. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

________. (2000). Islam Murni dalam Masyarakat Petani. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya.

________. (2010). Kiai Ahmad Dahlan: Jejak Pembaruan Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Kado Satu Abad Muhammadiyah. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.

Nakamura, M. (2012). The Crescent Arises over the Banyan Tree: A Study of the Muhammadiyah Movement in a Central Javanese Town c.1910s-2010 (Second Enlarged Edition), Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Nashir, H. (2007). Kristalisasi ideologi dan Komitmen Ber-Muhammadiyah. Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah.

________. (2010). Muhammadiyah Abad Kedua. Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah

________. (2015a). Muhammadiyah a Reform Movement. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press.

________. (2015b). Understanding the Ideology of Muhammadiyah. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press.

________. (2018). Kuliah Kemuhammadiyahan. Suara Muhammadiyah, 2018.

________ and Latief, H. (2020). “Local Dynamics and Global Engagements of the Islamic Modernist Movement in Contemporary Indonesia: The Case of Muhammadiyah (2000-2020)”, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 00(0), 1–20.

Peacock, J. L. (1978). Purifying, the Faith: The Muhammadiyah Movement in Indonesian Islam. California: Cummings.

PP Muhammadiyah. (2015). Pernyataan Pikiran Muhammadiyah Abad Kedua, Keputusan Muktamar 1 Abad Muhammadiyah (Muktamar Muhammadiyah Ke-46). Yogyakarta: Gramasurya.

Ro’fah. (2016). Posisi dan Jatidiri ʻAisyiyah: Perubahan dan Perkembangan, 1917-1998. Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah.

Setiawan, I. (2018). “Pembelajaran Al-Islam dan Kemuhammadiyahan [AIK] yang Menggembirakan (Dengan Pendeketan Interrasi-Interkoneksi” dalam https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/10601. (Accessed on 15 July 2020).

Shihab, A. (1998). Membendung Arus: Respons Gerakan Muhammadiyah terhadap Penetrasi Misi Kristen di Indonesia. Bandung: Mizan.

Sukidi. (2020). “Muhammadiyah, Sains dan Kesehatan Publik”, Kompas, 2 Januari 2021.

Syamsiyatun, S. (2007). “A Daughter in the Indonesian Muhammadiyah: Nasyiatul Aisyiyah Negotiates a New Status and Image”, Journal of Islamic Studies 18 (1), 69-94.

________. 2008. “Women Negotiating Feminism and Islamism: The Experiences of Nasyiatul Aisyiyah, 1985-2005”, Indonesian Islam in a New Period, 139-165.

Tim Diseminasi Informasi dan Publikasi MCCC. (2020). Optimis Menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19: Catatan Kajian dan Respon Muhammadiyah (Yogyakarta: MCCC).

Villegas, D. (2018). “From the self to the screen: a journey guide for auto-netnography in online communities”, Journal of Marketing Management, 34:3-4, 243-262, DOI: 10.1080/0267257X.2018.1443970

Woodward, M. (2020). “Religious Holidays in the Plague Year – Lessons from the Indonesian Muhammadiyah Movement”. Dalam https://ibtimes.id/religious-holidays-in-the-plague-year-lessons-from-the-indonesian-muhammadiyah-movement/ (Diakses 15 Juli 2020).

Internet Sources:

CNN Indonesia. (2020). “Muhammadiyah Tak Sepakat Konspe New-Normal,” https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200608141304-20-511043/muhammadiyah-tak-sepakat-dengan-konsep-new-normal. (Accessed on 12 September 2020).

Fatwa Tarjih. “Hukum sholat Jumat online, bagaimana hukuknya?”. https://fatwatarjih.or.id/hukum-shalat-jumat-online/ (Accessed 4 March 2021)

Kumparan News. (2020). “Pemerintah akui salah gunakan istilah ‘new-normal’ saat pandemi,” in https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/pemerintah-akui-salah-gunakan-istilah-new-normal-saat-pandemi-1tmJCnpxi4Y. (Accessed 12 September 2020).

Suaramuhammadiyah.id. (2020). “Fatwa Tarjih hokum sholat jumat online”. https://www.suaramuhammadiyah.id/2021/02/16/fatwa-tarjih-hukum-shalat-jumat-online/ (Accessed 20 March 2021).

Tempo.co. (2020). “Muhammadiyah: Tak Perlu Potong Hewan Qurban, Dana untuk Covid-19,” https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1356051/muhammadiyah-tak-perlu-potong-hewan-kurban-dana-untuk-covid-19 (Accessed on 30 June 2020).

https://covid19.muhammadiyah.id/tuntunan-sholat-idul-adha-di-tengah-pandemi-covid-19/ (Accessed on 24 June 2020).

https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1356051/muhammadiyah-tak-perlu-potong-hewan-kurban-dana-untuk-covid-19 (Accessed on 21 June 2020).

http://binakarir.com/volatility-uncertainty-complexity-ambiguity-vuca/ (Accessed on 28 June 2020).

Unpublished Documents:

Edaran Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah Nomor 03/I.0/B/2020 tentang Penyelenggaraan Salat Jumat dan Fardu Berjamaah Saat Terjadi Wabah Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19). Upublished Document.

Edaran Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah Nomor 06/EDR/I.0/E/2020 Tentang Tuntunan Ibadah Puasa Arafah, Idul Adha, Kurban dan Protokol Ibadah Kurban pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Unpublished Document.

Surat Maklumat Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah Nomor 02/MLM/I.0/H/2020 tentang Wabah Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19). Unpublished document.

Article Metrics

Abstract views: 591 PDF views: 485