IMPLIKASI FIKIH DAN KONVENSI HAK ANAK DALAM PENETAPAN USIA NIKAH: STUDI HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA DAN NEGARA-NEGARA TIMUR TENGAH

Moh. Rafiqil Ulum

doi:10.24260/al-maslahah.v21i2.3435

IMPLIKASI FIKIH DAN KONVENSI HAK ANAK DALAM PENETAPAN USIA NIKAH: STUDI HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA DAN NEGARA-NEGARA TIMUR TENGAH

Moh. Rafiqil Ulum

Abstract

The age of marriage is an important global issue in the protection of children's rights, with states setting a minimum age of marriage to prevent the negative impacts of early marriage. In Muslim-majority countries, Islamic law or fiqh influences marriage policy, with age variations depending on the interpretation of the sect. While many countries have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), challenges in balancing religious norms with international obligations remain. This research aims to understand the implications of fiqh and the CRC in setting the age of marriage in Indonesia and Middle Eastern countries and explain the harmonization or tension between the two, using normative methods and a qualitative analysis of literature. This research shows that fiqh with its various madhhabs provides guidance on the age of marriage that considers the physical, mental and emotional maturity of individuals, for example Hanafi sets 18 years for men and 17 years for women, Maliki sets 18 years for both sexes, while Syafii and Hanbali view 15 years as the minimum age. On the other hand, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) pushes the minimum age of marriage at 18 to protect children's rights from early marriage. In Indonesia, the revision of the Marriage Law from 1974 to Law No. 16 of 2019 sets the minimum age at 19 years, reflecting a commitment to children's rights and harmonization between Islamic law, national law and international standards. Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan and Bahrain also set the minimum age at 18, demonstrating efforts to conform to the CRC and improve the welfare of children.

Keywords

Fiqh, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Marriage Age, Indonesian Positive Law, Law of Middle Eastern Countries

Full Text:

PDF

References

Allan, Keri. “Mind the Gap: The Rights of Street Children Under the CRC and the Situation in Egypt.” IEE Review 51, no. 6 (2007): 49. https://doi.org/10.1049/ir:20050611.

AlThenayan, Lulwa Mohammed. “Between Shari’ah and International Standards : Protecting the Rights of the Child under Saudi Arabia’s Human Rights Law,” no. May (2020).

Az-Zuhaili, Wahbah. Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmi Wa Adillatuhu. 2nd ed. Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr, 1985.

Bilo, Charlotte, and Anna Carolina Machado. “Children’s Right to Social Protection in the Middle East and North Africa Region — an Analysis of Legal Frameworks from a Child Rights Perspective,” 2018, 5000.

Hashem, Sharifa. “Personal Status Law, Identity Politics and Gender Rhetoric in Bahrain.” Universitas of Bristol, 2015.

Kamila, Maulida Zahra. “Hukum Keluarga di Saudi Arabia.” Al-Ahwal Al-Syakhsiyyah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Peradilan Islam, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15575/as.v2i2.14328.

Lestari, Dian. “Analisis International Convention On The Rights Of The Child (CRC) Melalui Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perlindungan Anak Mengenai Tindak Kekerasan Terhadap Anak di Indonesia.” Gloria Yuris Jurnal Hukum, 2016.

M. Taufiq. “Konsep Dan Sumber Hukum: Analisis Perbandingan Sistem Hukum Islam dan Sistem Hukum Positif.” Istidlal: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Hukum Islam, 2021. https://doi.org/10.35316/istidlal.v5i2.348.

Mega, Mega Puspita, and Nindya Octariza. “The Rule Minimum Age of Marriage in Islamic Family Law in the Muslim World.” International Journal of Social Science and Religion (IJSSR), 2022, 185–98. https://doi.org/10.53639/ijssr.v3i3.71.

Novianti, Nur Fadhilah. “Pembentukan Regulasi Batas Minimal Usia Nikah Di Indonesia Dan Yordania,” 2022, i–88.

Nur Ihdatul Musyarrafa. “Batas Usia Pernikahan Dalam Islam; Analisis Ulama Mazhab Terhadap Batas Usia Nikah.” Shautuna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Perbandingan Mazhab 1, no. 703 (2020): 722.

Nurhayati, Yati, Ifrani Ifrani, and M. Yasir Said. “Perlindungan Hak Anak Terhadap Pernikahan Dini Dalam Perspektif Konvensi Hak Anak.” Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Indonesia, 2021.

Prameswari, Zendy Wulan Ayu Widhi. “Ratifikasi Konvensi Tentang Hak-Hak Anak Dalam Sistem Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia.” Yuridika, 2017. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v32i1.4842.

Putri, Elfirda Ade. “Telaah Kritis Pasal 7 Undang-Undang No.16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan.” Jurnal Hukum Sasana, 2021. https://doi.org/10.31599/sasana.v7i2.805.

Rahman Al-Jaziri, Abdul. Kitab Al-Fiqh a’la Mazdāhib Al-Arba’ah. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 2003.

Retnowulandari, Wahyuni, Maya Indrasti, and Yulia Fitriliani. “Is Marriage Age Restriction Un-Islamic? (Comparative Study of Indonesia and Pakistan with Gender Perspective).” KnE Social Sciences 2024 (2024): 652–69. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i21.14781.

Ropei, Ahmad, Miftachul Huda, Adudin Alijaya, Fitria Zulfa, and Fakhry Fadhil. “Managing Baligh in Four Muslim Countries: Egypt, Tunisia, Pakistan, and Indonesia on the Minimum Age for Marriage.” Al-Ahwal 16, no. 1 (2023): 112–40. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2023.16106.

Sadruddin, Munir Moosa. “Study on the Important Issues of Child Rights in Pakistan.” The Dialogue 6, no. 1 (2011): 14–30.

Sakharina, Iin Karita, S.M. Noor, Marcel Hendrapati, Aidir Amin Daud, Abdul Maasba Magassing, and Kadarudin. “Konvensi Hak Anak Sebagai Instrumen Penanganan Anak-Anak Korban Kekerasan dan Eksploitasi.” Jurnal Ilmu HHukum “THE JURIS,” 2018.

Shehzad, Noorani. “Konvensi Hak Anak: Versi Anak Anak | UNICEF Indonesia.” UNICEF Indonesia, 2018.

Yusuf, Yusuf. “Dinamika Batasan Usia Perkawinan di Indonesia: Kajian Psikologi Dan Hukum Islam.” JIL: Journal of Islamic Law, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v1i2.59.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24260/al-maslahah.v21i2.3435